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Annette  Zeischka-Kenzler
  • Höhr-Grenzhausen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Westerwald, Germany
  • +49 (0)2624 - 9460116
This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler,... more
This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler, published by BAR Publishing (https://www.barpublishing.com/a-step-to-a-global-world-historical-archaeology-in-panama.html). This version is free to view and download for personal use only. It cannot be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

La versión en español ver abajo!

The best known production centres of Rhenish stoneware are situated in the eponymous region. Between the 16th and the 18th centuries, tremendous amounts of stoneware were loaded onto ships and transported downstream to the Netherlands. From there the products reached the whole world via the large seaports. Beginning with the aftermath of the Truchsessian War (1583 to 1588), numerous cities of the Rhineland were also occupied several times by Spanish troops.

The pottery fragments, which were discovered in Latin America, belonged to the kind of stoneware made in Cologne/Frechen, Siegburg and also Westerwald and could have reached Central and South America through the trade with the English and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean.
Underwater finds furthermore underline sources, which suggest a use of stoneware vessels on ships. Whether these items were actual commercial products or simply personal possession or ship accessories, cannot be answered for certain. Given the numerous archaeological investigations in Old Panama and the great amount of excavated ceramic material, the quota and the spectrum of vessel forms of stoneware is extremely small, which speaks against the idea of them being actual articles of commerce.


Los centros de producción más conocidos de gres de Renania están situados en la región que lleva el mismo nombre. (fig. 1). Entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, una enorme cantidad de gres fue embarcado y transportado río abajo a los Países Bajos. Desde ahí, a través de los grandes puertos, estos productos llegaron a todo el mundo. Al final de la Guerra de Colonia (1583 - 1588) varias ciudades de la región de Renania fueron ocupadas por las tropas españolas.

Los fragmentos de cerámica que fueron descubiertos en América Latina, pertenecen a los tipos de gres fabricados en Colonia/Frechen, Siegburg y Westerwald. Es posible que estos productos llegaran a Centro América y Sudamérica debido al comercio con las colonias inglesas y holandesas en el Caribe.
La presencia recurrente de gres en contextos subacuáticos, sugiere el uso de vasijas gres en los barcos. Lo que no se puede asegurar, es si estos objetos eran productos comerciales o simplemente de uso personal o parte del barco. Tomando en cuenta el número de investigaciones arqueológicas en Panamá la Vieja y la cantidad de material cerámico excavado, resulta poca la cantidad encontrada de formas cerámicas de gres, siendo un factor en contra de la idea de ser objetos de comercio.
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This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler,... more
This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler, published by BAR Publishing (https://www.barpublishing.com/a-step-to-a-global-world-historical-archaeology-in-panama.html). This version is free to view and download for personal use only. It cannot be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

La versión en español ver abajo!

The short existence of Old Panama – a global traffic junction – the well preserved ruins and also the management of the site by the Patronato Panamá Viejo provide outstanding conditions for different studies and for urban archaeology. The majority of the population in the late 16th and early 17th century was made up of slaves of African origin and indigenous people while the local elite was a rather small group of Spaniards of quite different social backgrounds. Political, social and perhaps also ethnic conflicts were inevitable.

The fieldwork in Panamá la Vieja represents a rare example of historical archaeological beyond the regional perspective. There are no relevant direct historical relations between Germany and Panamá, but the researches are focused on more general aspects of cultural sciences. Therefore the research has to be seen in the light of case studies with current debates in Old World prehistoric and historical archaeology as an important backdrop. Case studies in Panama dealt for example with ethnic interpretation, urban social topography or religious changes in post-reformatory times, all of them currently discussed in German archaeology.

Several studies showed the complex social and ecological processes starting with the Spanish Conquista. The German project also proved that cultural change in Panamá is not a process of adaptation to new social and environmental conditions, but more like an interactive process. The many different agents which are involved in this process are non-human origin, but the surrounding landscape, which probably altered dramatically with the conquista. Thinking outside of the black box of cultural adaptation we gain insights into changing identities, the role of traditions which were often transformed, as well as on the importance of trade and communication in the early stages of our modern globalized world.


La corta existencia del centro de tráfico global de Panamá la Vieja, sus ruinas bien conservadas y la administración del sitio a través del Patronato Panamá Viejo ofrecen condiciones excepcionales para la investigación arqueológica, en especial la arqueología urbana. A finales del siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII, la población de Panamá la Vieja consistía en su mayoría de esclavos de origen africano e indígenas. Por otro lado, la elite local era un grupo reducido de españoles provenientes de estratos sociales muy diferentes. Conflictos políticos, sociales y probablemente étnicos eran inevitables.

Al perder Alemania sus colonias en la primera guerra mundial, se perdió el interés en la arqueología histórica fuera de sus fronteras. Las investigaciones arqueológicas en Panamá la Vieja son por lo tanto una doble excepción: abarcan tanto el campo temporal como espacial establecido por la Arqueología Medieval. No hay una relación histórica directa entre Panamá y Alemania, y por lo tanto las investigaciones se desarrollan en un marco histórico-sociocultural. El fin de las investigaciones alemanas era el proporcionar casos de estudio de arqueología histórica a debates actuales que se llevan a cabo en la arqueología prehistórica e histórica de habla alemana. Por ejemplo, discusiones sobre la interpretación étnica, topografía social urbana o los cambios religiosos después de la reforma religiosa europea.

Varios estudios muestran los complejos procesos sociales y ecológicos que surgieron a partir de la conquista española. Las investigaciones nos enseñan que los cambios culturales en Panamá son menos un proceso de adaptación a nuevas condiciones sociales y de medio ambiente, y más un proceso interactivo y dinámico. Muchos de los factores involucrados no provenían de la sociedad, sino eran resultados del medio ambiente del lugar, que a través de la conquista española fue alterado drásticamente. En esta fase temprana de nuestro mundo globalizado, viendo más allá de la "caja negra de la adaptación cultural", apreciamos la importancia de los cambios de identidades, tradiciones reinterpretadas, así como en la comunicación y el comercio.
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This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler,... more
This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler, published by BAR Publishing (https://www.barpublishing.com/a-step-to-a-global-world-historical-archaeology-in-panama.html). This version is free to view and download for personal use only. It cannot be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

La versión en español ver abajo!

To the southwest of Old Panamá a few walls of the hospital San Juan de Dios are preserved. The thematically well definable complex of a hospital, along with previous archaeological excavations and a good body of original source material provided ideal prerequisites for an interdisciplinary research project for the University of Tübingen. The archaeological, geophysical and building historical examinations took place from 2003 until 2006.

A first hospital in Panamá is mentioned in 1521, named as San Sebastián a little later. In 1620 the facility is taken over by the Brotherhood of San Juan de Dios. According to all known sources the complex was mostly, until the beginning of the 17th century – but certainly until 1572 utterly – made of wood. In 1628 the hospital is still described as miserable, pitiful and embarrassing. It primarily served poor people and the garrison. 1628/1629 the church is described as small and unadorned and partly described as a chapel. After Morgan's attack the hospital was destroyed, according to historical sources. There is evidence that it was probably still in use for a few years afterwards. Burials still took place in a few instances.

On the map of 1673 of the new settlement of Panamá (Casco Viejo today) an area for a rebuilding of the hospital was reserved to the north. In 1676 and again in 1688 money was requested for the new building. On the map of 1686 the complex "Hospital San Juan de Dios" once again straddles the entire block. The area is sadly overbuilt today.

Resumen

En la zona suroeste de Panamá la Vieja, se encuentran todavía algunos muros del Hospital San Juan de Dios. El bien delimitado complejo, donde se realizaron previamente exploraciones arqueológicas y del cual se tenían fuentes históricas referentes, ofrecía un requisito ideal para una investigación interdisciplinaria por parte de la Universidad de Tübingen. Las investigaciones arqueológicas, geofísicas y de arquitectura arqueológica se realizaron entre el 2003 y el 2006. Esta basta investigación con diferentes métodos y fuentes, nos proporcionaron un panorama completo del complejo.

En 1521 se menciona un hospital en Panamá y en 1575 aparece con el nombre de San Sebastián de la Caridad. En 1620, la orden de San Juan de Dios toma posesión del hospital. Según las fuentes existentes, el hospital estaba construido en su mayoría de madera. Esto hasta casi finales del s. XVI. Las fuentes describen en 1628 así la situación del hospital: "era lastimosa y vergonzosa" y este atendía a la gente pobre y a soldados. En 1628 se describe a la iglesia del hospital como pequeña y sin ornamentos. En 1628/29 se le nombra solo como capilla.
El hospital, según las fuentes, fue destruido durante el ataque de Morgan a la ciudad. Hay fuentes a su vez, que indican que estuvo en función tiempo después. Se realizaron entierros después de su abandono.

En el plano de 1673 de la nueva Ciudad de Panamá, (hoy Casco Viejo), aparece en el extremo norte, el predio designado para el Hospital. En 1676 y en 1682 se pide por dinero para la construcción del nuevo hospital. En el plano de 1688 aparece el predio como Hospital San Juan de Dios, ocupando toda una manzana. En este predio se encuentra actualmente una escuela y otra parte fue destruida y se construyó sobre él.
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This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler,... more
This material has been published in "A step to a global world - Historical Archaeology in Panamá. German Researches on the first Spanish city on the Pacific Ocean" edited by Barbara Scholkmann, Rainer Schreg and Annette Zeischka-Kenzler, published by BAR Publishing (https://www.barpublishing.com/a-step-to-a-global-world-historical-archaeology-in-panama.html). This version is free to view and download for personal use only. It cannot be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Summary: (La versión en español ver abajo!)
In the course of the geo-electrical resistivity measurement at 2006 remains of a large building complex in the northern city area were detected. During a small campaign in the year 2007 first information about the internal structure, the function and the dating of the eastern Parcel 1 were gathered. These results required further research and an additional application for grants from the DFG (German Research Foundation) was successfully filed. In 2009 nine trenches were excavated.

In short we dealt with two long, slim, north-south aligned lots of land (68 x 16-22m), lying along the Calle del Obispo (Bishop's Street), a main street travelling east-west. The complex in question was a so called "three-courtyard house" with a walled-in economic area that could be encompassed in five phases:
1. A wooden construction which initially only extended over the southern part of Parcel 1, according to the city map of 1609.
2. Destruction by fire, probably in conjunction with the earthquake of the 2nd May of 1620.
3. All of Parcel 1 is in use: a main wooden building of a size of 16 x 16m, an adjoining large courtyard with a well, a wooden back yard building and an entrance to the neighbouring plot (Parcel 2) with a dug-in storage vessel next to the entrance gave first hints of the use of the area as a trading post. The pavements are generally representative.
4. The main building is rebuilt on the ground level with stone and the façade is given pilasters. The entrance is laid out with a representative pavement ornamented with cattle metapodials. The other pavings are now more functional. The wooden multi-compartmentalised back building has a striking size of 13 x 16m. Surface water was channelled into the street by means of a canal under the eastern outer wall. The northern border is formed by a backyard, maybe also a garden. The whole of Parcel 2 was encircled by a 3m high substantial wall and showed no signs of internal structures. The southern part shows a paved path leading to the entrance of the patio of Parcel 1. In the middle of the southern wall is one entrance from the main street. The northern part shows no sign of any pavement, but is high in humus-rich material and has very few finds.
5. Destruction in 1671 or some time later. No signs of destruction by fire.

The find material reflects a functional separation of individual areas. Along the main axis of the Calle del Obispo – i.e. the southern third of the complex – high quality finds documented the trade in goods with almost all the then known world (Asia, America, Europe but also African influences) as well as indicators of craft and production. The middle and northern area of the complex was reserved for household, storage and the necessary infrastructure.
Of special interest are numerous small and decorative objects, but also some direct indicators of trade like brass weights, lead seals and amphorae with stamps.

The complex presumably developed around the middle or 2nd half of the 17th century. According to the mapping of 1609 by de Roda the first building could be restricted on the southern third of the lot. If at this time the western neighbouring area was covered too could not be excluded, but seems to be implausible. The high enclosing wall set stratigraphical clear against the front of the main building and was built at a stretch. At that time Parcel 2 wasn't covered in the usual manner and an entry between the two properties existed. The find material and especially the coins point to the area being in use since the 1st half of the 17th century. A colonial-era example of a trading post encircled by a wall has been preserved in Portobelo. The former mule yard is an abandoned grave-yard today.

Resumen:
Durante la medición geo-electromagnética en el año 2006, fue detectado en la parte norte de la ciudad un complejo de estructuras. En una corta campaña en el año 2007 se obtuvieron los primeros datos sobre la estructura interna, función y fechamiento de la parcela 1 situada al oeste. Estos resultados fueron la base para la aplicación para un nuevo proyecto de investigación financiado por la Fundación de Investigación Alemana (DFG). Ya en el año 2009, nueve trincheras fueron abiertas.

Lo anterior consiste en dos parcelas largas y angostas (68 x 16-22mts.), orientadas norte - sur, que colindan con la Calle del Obispo, que corre este-oeste. Este complejo sería un edificio de tres patios internos con un área bardeada para el comercio. La construcción constaría de 5 fases:
1era. Una estructura de madera, que según el mapa de la ciudad de 1609, se localizaría solo en la parte sur de la parcela 1.
2nda. Destrucción por incendio, posiblemente a causa del terremoto del 2 de mayo de 1620.
3era. La parcela1 es construida totalmente. Una casa de madera principal (16 x 16mts.), con un patio interno con fuente, una casa de madera en la parte trasera y una entrada a la parcela vecina.
4ta. La planta baja de la casa principal es construida con piedra y la fachada tienen pilares. La entrada tenía un fino empedrado con ornamentos de metatarso de res. Los demás pavimentos eran de uso cotidiano. La medida de la casa trasera de madera con varias divisiones era de 13 x 16mts. El agua de la superficie estaba canalizada y corría por debajo del muro externo de la parte este hasta la calle lateral. Hacía el límite norte había un traspatio o jardín (huerta). Toda la parcela 2 estaba rodeada por un muro de 3mts. de altura y no mostraba indicios de estructuras en su interior. En el área sur había un camino empedrado que conducía al patio interno de la parcela 1. En el medio del muro sur se encontraba la única entrada de la calle principal. En el piso del área norte no se encontró ningún empedrado, pero si material rico en humus y muy pocos hallazgos materiales.
5ta. En 1671 o un poco después fue destruido. No se encontraron huellas de incendio.

Los materiales hallados reflejan una división en cuanto a la función de cada área en sí. A través del eje principal de la Calle del Obispo, sobre todo en el tercio más al sur del complejo, se encontraron objetos de gran calidad, que comprueban el comercio de mercancías con el mundo hasta entonces conocido (Asia, América, Europa así como influencias africanas). También se hallaron indicadores de manufactura y producción. De especial interés es la cantidad de adornos y pequeños hallazgos, así como los indicadores directos para el comercio, como son plomadas, pesas de latón y ánforas con sello. En la zona del centro y el norte del complejo se encontraba el área doméstica, el depósito y demás infraestructura necesaria.

Este complejo data posiblemente de la mitad o finales del siglo XVII. Según el mapa de la ciudad de 1609 de C. de Roda, la primera estructura podría haber abarcado el tercio más al sur de la parcela. No se puede descartar si se encontraba en este tiempo construida la zona colindante al oeste, pero al parecer no es muy plausible. La alta barda perimetral reposaba estratigráficamente sobre el frente de la casa principal y fue construida en un tramo. Para esta época, la parcela 2 no estaba construida como era común y existía una entrada entre los dos predios. Los hallazgos y en especial las monedas, indican que el área fue usada desde la primera mitad del siglo XVII. Un ejemplo de la época colonial de un lugar de comercio amurallado se encuentra en Portobelo: El mercado de esclavos es hoy un cementerio abandonado.
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Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an der Keramik und Interpretation archäologischer Befunde im Stadtzentrum von Paffrath bei Bergisch-Gladbach.
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In this publication the results of an archaeological research project conducted by the Department of Medieval Archaeology of the University of Tübingen, Institute for Prehistory and Medieval Archaeology, under the leadership of Barbara... more
In this publication the results of an archaeological research project conducted by the Department of Medieval Archaeology of the University of Tübingen, Institute for Prehistory and Medieval Archaeology, under the leadership of Barbara Scholkmann during the years 2003 to 2009 in the ruins of Panamá la Vieja (Panama City, Rep. Panamá) are being published. The results have been compiled by the members of the project as well as graduates of the university in the course of dissertations. In the process some of the manifold and very interesting aspects were thematised which the first Spanish town on the Atlantic seaboard, abandoned in the 17th century and today a UNESCO World Heritage Site, can offer to European historical archaeology.
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1997/1998 wurde am Nordostrand Zwickaus eine etwa 8700 qm große Fläche archäologisch untersucht. Zwickau wurde um 1170 am so genannten "Böhmischen Steig" – einem alten Handelsweg von Böhmen nach Norden – gegründet. Ab dem 14. Jh. erfuhr... more
1997/1998 wurde am Nordostrand Zwickaus eine etwa 8700 qm große Fläche archäologisch untersucht. Zwickau wurde um 1170 am so genannten "Böhmischen Steig" – einem alten Handelsweg von Böhmen nach Norden – gegründet. Ab dem 14. Jh. erfuhr die Stadt auf Grund des aufblühenden Bergbaus im Erzgebirge einen großen Aufschwung. Die rasant steigende Bevölkerungszahl erforderte infrastrukturelle Veränderungen, die sich im archäologischen Befund gut belegen lassen. Für den Bau eines notwendig gewordenen Magazingebäudes – umgangssprachlich Kornhaus genannt – war innerhalb der Stadtbefestigung kein Platz mehr und so wurde es in den Stadtgraben hineingebaut. Seine Südfassade bildete die Stadtmauer. Mit dem Bau ging aber auch die Umgestaltung des Umfeldes einher.
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Bei den stadtkernarchäologischen Untersuchungen am Nordostrand der Stadt Zwickau in Sachsen wurde in der Brandschicht eines um 1300 abgebrannten Gebäudes eine vergoldete Bronzescheibe aufgefunden. Sie zeigt eine außergewöhnlich schöne... more
Bei den stadtkernarchäologischen Untersuchungen am Nordostrand der Stadt Zwickau in Sachsen wurde in der Brandschicht eines um 1300 abgebrannten Gebäudes eine vergoldete Bronzescheibe aufgefunden. Sie zeigt eine außergewöhnlich schöne Darstellung von vier Drachen.
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Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Grabungsbefunde der Stadtkerngrabung am Nordostrand von Zwickau in Sachsen. Die Grabung fand 1997/1998 statt und erstreckte sich auf eine Fläche von etwa 8700 qm. Neben etwa 10 Parzellen wurden die... more
Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Grabungsbefunde der Stadtkerngrabung am Nordostrand von Zwickau in Sachsen. Die Grabung fand 1997/1998 statt und erstreckte sich auf eine Fläche von etwa 8700 qm. Neben etwa 10 Parzellen wurden die Stadtbefestigung und Randbereiche des großen Magazingebäudes "Kornhaus" und des Schlossgrabens von Schloss Osterstein untersucht.
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"Studies by German archaeologists in colonial archaeology are sparse. A research project by the University of Tübingen carried out since the year 2003 in Panamá la Vieja, the oldest Spanish town on the Pacific coast, provides insights... more
"Studies by German archaeologists in colonial archaeology are sparse. A research project by the University of Tübingen carried out since the year 2003 in Panamá la Vieja, the oldest Spanish town on the Pacific coast, provides insights into leading research questions. The German Research Foundation financed several campaigns of surveys and excavations that aimed to examine cultural contacts, social structures, and economic aspects within the city.
The short existence of Panamá la Vieja from 1519 to 1671, the well-preserved ruins, and the lack of modern building - at least in the center of the old town - provide outstanding conditions for archaeological work. Several case studies considered the process of cultural adaptation by focusing on the changes of Spanish/European traditions reflecting the interaction with African and indigenous traditions.
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In the occupation layer of a building close to the northern town gate of Zwickau in Saxony (Germany) a remarkable ornamental disc or phalera was found. The bronze disc with remains of a loop is gold plated and decorated with four... more
In the occupation layer of a building close to the northern town gate of Zwickau in Saxony (Germany) a remarkable ornamental disc or phalera was found. The bronze disc with remains of a loop is gold plated and decorated with four individual dragons. The building was destroyed by fire around 1300.
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Since the 17th century stoneware from the Westerwald and Rhineland (Germany) became popular merchandises in Africa. Stoneware is ideal for all kinds of acidic liquids. Beyond that, the imported vessels became integrated into West African... more
Since the 17th century stoneware from the Westerwald and Rhineland (Germany) became popular merchandises in Africa. Stoneware is ideal for all kinds of acidic liquids. Beyond that, the imported vessels became integrated into West African ancestral beliefs, rituals in connection with the disposal of the dead and jurisdiction.
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The European conquest of the New Woeld entailed the foundation of urban centres wich served as mainland outposts supporting the Western colonial project. One of them was the old city of Panama (1519-1671), the first Spanish port to be... more
The European conquest of the New Woeld entailed the foundation of urban centres wich served as mainland outposts supporting the Western colonial project. One of them was the old city of Panama (1519-1671), the first Spanish port to be established on the Pacific coast of the Americas.
Up to now, nearly 270,000 colonial sherds have been recovered within the framework of the Panama Viejo Archaeological Project. Ceramics among many other findings made at the Panama Viejo site, are very telling of the world-wide exchange activities which converged in Panama in colonial times. Contrasting with large volumes of Chinese porcelain, American and European majolicas and fine, red earthenwares from the Mexican town of Tonalá, only 15 fragments of German stoneware, (a grey, compact, hard-fired and salt-glazed pottery-type) have been excavated in Panama Viejo so far. These may, at some point, represent vessels brought to the New World as personal items rather than as objects of trade.
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"Abstract Since 2003 the University of Tübingen (Germany) has taken part in the archaeological exploration of the former colonial town of Panamá Viejo. So far the excavations have been confined to the area of the Hospital San Juan de... more
"Abstract
Since 2003 the University of Tübingen (Germany) has taken part in the archaeological exploration of the former colonial town of Panamá Viejo. So far the excavations have been confined to the area of the Hospital San Juan de Dios. Research focused on the spatial and functional organization of the building complex by small scale excavations in the western ail, in the courtyard and along the northern wall as well as by geoelectrical survey. The ruins in the west ail can be interpreted as the church of the hospital. Interesting differences result in a comparison with late medieval hospitals in Europe.

Zusammenfassung
Seit 2003 beteiligt sich die Universität Tübingen bei der archäologischen Erforschung der ehemaligen Kolonialstadt Panamá la Vieja. Bisher beschränken sich die Feldarbeiten auf das Gelände des Spitals San Juan de Dios. Die Untersuchungen der Jahre 2003, 2004 und 2005 haben mittels kleinerer Grabungsflächen im Westflügel, im Hofbereich und an der Nordmauer sowie geoelektrischer Messungen die räumliche und funktionale Gliederung des Gebäudekomplexes untersucht. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Ruine im Westen die Spitalkirche war. Es ergeben sich interessante Unterschiede im Vergleich zu spätmittelalterlichen Spitälern in Europa."
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The northern face of Cyprus - Studies in Cypriote Archaeology and Art History. Edited 2016 by Latife Summerer and Hazar Kaba The editors hope that this volume will present and encourage more diverse attitudes towards Northern Cyprus... more
The northern face of Cyprus - Studies in Cypriote Archaeology and Art History.
Edited 2016 by Latife Summerer and Hazar Kaba
The editors hope that this volume will present and encourage more diverse attitudes towards Northern Cyprus changing the paradigm and paving the way for more bi-communal collaborations between North and South towards the appreciation, protection and exploration of their shared cultural heritage.
My contribution: Of death and life. Funerary and other features of the multi-functional city wall of Lambusa, p. 277-297.
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